Atomoxetine for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

INDICATIONS AND USAGE Atomoxetine capsules are a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor indicated for the treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). ( 1.1 ) 1.1 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Atomoxetine capsules are indicated for the treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The efficacy of atomoxetine capsules was established in seven clinical trials in outpatients with ADHD: four 6 to 9-week trials in pediatric patients (ages 6 to 18), two 10-week trial in adults, and one maintenance trial in pediatrics (ages 6 to 15) [ see Clinical Studies ( 14 ) ]. 1.2 Diagnostic Considerations A diagnosis of ADHD (DSM-IV) implies the presence of hyperactive-impulsive or inattentive symptoms that cause impairment and that were present before age 7 years. The symptoms must be persistent, must be more severe than is typically observed in individuals at a comparable level of development, must cause clinically significant impairment, e.g., in social, academic, or occupational functioning, and must be present in 2 or more settings, e.g., school (or work) and at home. The symptoms must not be better accounted for by another mental disorder. The specific etiology of ADHD is unknown, and there is no single diagnostic test. Adequate diagnosis requires the use not only of medical but also of special psychological, educational, and social resources. Learning may or may not be impaired. The diagnosis must be based upon a complete history and evaluation of the patient and not solely on the presence of the required number of DSM-IV characteristics. For the Inattentive Type, at least 6 of the following symptoms must have persisted for at least 6 months: lack of attention to details/careless mistakes, lack of sustained attention, poor listener, failure to follow through on tasks, poor organization, avoids tasks requiring sustained mental effort, loses things, easily distracted, forgetful. For the Hyperactive-Impulsive Type, at least 6 of the following symptoms must have persisted for at least 6 months: fidgeting/squirming, leaving seat, inappropriate running/climbing, difficulty with quiet activities, “on the go,” excessive talking, blurting answers, can’t wait turn, intrusive. For a Combined Type diagnosis, both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive criteria must be met. 1.3 Need for Comprehensive Treatment Program Atomoxetine capsules are indicated as an integral part of a total treatment program for ADHD that may include other measures (psychological, educational, social) for patients with this syndrome. Drug treatment may not be indicated for all patients with this syndrome. Drug treatment is not intended for use in the patient who exhibits symptoms secondary to environmental factors and/or other primary psychiatric disorders, including psychosis. Appropriate educational placement is essential in children and adolescents with this diagnosis and psychosocial intervention is often helpful. When remedial measures alone are insufficient, the decision to prescribe drug treatment medication will depend upon the physician’s assessment of the chronicity and severity of the patient’s symptoms.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Prior to initiating treatment with atomoxetine oral solution: Screen patients for a personal or family history of bipolar disorder, mania, or hypomania. ( 2.1 , 5.6 ) Consider genetic testing to determine the patient’s CYP2D6 metabolizer status prior to dosing. ( 2.1 , 2.5 ) See table below for the recommended atomoxetine oral solution dosage. ( 2.3 ) Age and Body Weight Starting Dosage Target Dosage 1 Maximum Total Daily Dose 1 Pediatrics who weigh less than 70 kg 0.5 mg/kg/day 1.2 mg/kg/day 1.4 mg/kg/day or 100 mg/day (whichever is less) Pediatrics who weigh 70 kg or more and adults 40 mg/day 80 mg/day 100 mg/day 1 Administer either as once daily dosage in the morning or as evenly divided twice daily dosage in the morning and late afternoon/early evening For the recommended dosage in patients with hepatic impairment, see Full Prescribing Information. ( 2.4 ) For the recommended dosage with concomitant use of a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor or in CYP2D6 poor metabolizers, see Full Prescribing Information. ( 2.5 ) 2.1 Recommendations Prior to Initiating Atomoxetine Oral Solution Treatment Prior to initiating treatment with atomoxetine oral solution: Screen patients for a personal or family history of bipolar disorder, mania, or hypomania [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6) ] . Consider genetic testing to determine the patient’s CYP2D6 metabolizer status [see Dosage and Administration (2.5) ] . 2.2 Administration Instructions Atomoxetine oral solution may be taken with or without food. Instruct patients to only use the supplied syringe and bottle adapter to measure and take atomoxetine oral solution [see Instructions for Use ] . 2.3 Recommended Dosage Table 1 includes the recommended dosage of atomoxetine oral solution in adult patients and pediatric patients 6 years of age and older for treatment of ADHD. Table 1: Recommended Dosage of Atomoxetine Oral Solution for the Treatment of ADHD​​​​​​​ Age and Body Weight Starting Dosage Titration Interval Target Dosage Maximum Dosage Pediatric patients who weigh less than 70 kg 0.5 mg/kg/day Minimum of 3 days 1.2 mg/kg/day a,b 1.4 mg/kg/day or 100 mg/day, whichever is less a Pediatric patients who weigh 70 kg or more and adult patients 40 mg/day Minimum of 3 days 80 mg/day a 100 mg/day a,c a Administered either as a single daily dose in the morning or as evenly divided doses in the morning and late afternoon/early evening. b No additional benefit has been demonstrated with atomoxetine dosages higher than 1.2 mg/kg/day [see Clinical Studies (14) ] . c If a patient has not achieved an optimal response at 80 mg/day after 2 to 4 additional weeks, may increase dosage to a maximum of 100 mg/day. There are no data that support increased effectiveness at a dosage higher than 100 mg/day [see Clinical Studies (14) ] . The health care provider who elects to use atomoxetine oral solution for extended periods should periodically reevaluate the long-term usefulness of atomoxetine oral solution for the individual patient. 2.4 Recommended Dosage in Patients with Hepatic Impairment For patients 6 years of age or older with: Severe hepatic impairment (HI) (Child-Pugh Class C), the recommended initial and target dosage is 25% of recommended dosage in patients with normal hepatic function [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ] . Moderate HI (Child-Pugh Class B), the recommended initial and target dosage is 50% of the recommended dosage in patients with normal hepatic function [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ] . Mild HI (Child-Pugh Class A) the recommended initial and target dosage is the same as those with normal hepatic function. 2.5 Recommended Dosage with Concomitant Use of Strong CYP2D6 Inhibitors or in CYP2D6 Poor Metabolizers Table 2 includes the recommended atomoxetine oral solution dosage in adult patients and pediatric patients aged 6 years of age or older with concomitant use of a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor or in CYP2D6 poor metabolizers [see Drug Interactions (7) and Use in Specific Populations (8.7) ] . The recommended titration interval in these patients is every four weeks (if ADHD symptoms fail to improve and the initial dosage is well tolerated). For other CYP2D6 metabolizer types (ultrarapid, normal, and intermediate), follow the recommended dosage, including the recommended titration interval (minimum of 3 days), as outlined in Table 1 [see Dosage and Administration (2.3) ] . Table 2: Recommended Dosage of Atomoxetine Oral Solution with Concomitant Use of a Strong CYP2D6 Inhibitor or in CYP2D6 Poor Metabolizers​​​​​​​ Age and Body Weight Starting Dosage Titration Interval a Target Dosage d Pediatric patients who weigh less than 70 kg 0.5 mg/kg/day 4 weeks 1.2 mg/kg/day b,c Pediatric patients who weigh 70 kg or more and adult patients 40 mg/day 4 weeks 80 mg/day b a Titrate if ADHD symptoms fail to improve and the initial dosage is well tolerated. b Administered either as a single daily dose in the morning or as evenly divided doses in the morning and late afternoon/early evening. c No additional benefit has been demonstrated with atomoxetine dosages higher than 1.2 mg/kg/day [see Clinical Studies (14) ] . d Maximum dosage has not been established with concomitant use of a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor or in CYP2D6 poor metabolizers. 2.6 Switching to or from a Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor Antidepressant At least 14 days must elapse between discontinuation of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) antidepressant and initiation of atomoxetine oral solution. In addition, at least 14 days must elapse after stopping atomoxetine oral solution before starting an MAOI antidepressant. 2.7 Recommendations for a Missed Dose If the atomoxetine oral solution dose is missed, take the dose as soon as possible, but do not take more than the prescribed total daily amount of atomoxetine oral solution in any 24-hour period. 2.8 Recommendations for Discontinuation When discontinuing atomoxetine, no taper is needed [see Drug Abuse and Dependence (9.3) ] .

WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS • Suicidal Ideation – Monitor for suicidality, clinical worsening, and unusual changes in behavior. ( 5.1 ) • Severe Liver Injury – Should be discontinued and not restarted in patients with jaundice or laboratory evidence of liver injury. ( 5.2 ) • Serious Cardiovascular Events – Sudden death, stroke and myocardial infarction have been reported in association with atomoxetine treatment. Patients should have a careful history and physical exam to assess for presence of cardiovascular disease. Atomoxetine generally should not be used in children or adolescents with known serious structural cardiac abnormalities, cardiomyopathy, serious heart rhythm abnormalities, or other serious cardiac problems that may place them at increased vulnerability to its noradrenergic effects. Consideration should be given to not using atomoxetine capsules in adults with clinically significant cardiac abnormalities. ( 5.3 ) • Emergent Cardiovascular Symptoms – Patients should undergo prompt cardiac evaluation. ( 5.3 ) • Effects on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate –Increase in blood pressure and heart rate; orthostasis and syncope may occur. Use with caution in patients with hypertension, tachycardia, or cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease. ( 5.4 ) • Emergent Psychotic or Manic Symptoms – Consider discontinuing treatment if such new symptoms occur. ( 5.5 ) • Bipolar Disorder – Screen patients to avoid possible induction of a mixed/manic episode. ( 5.6 ) • Aggressive behavior or hostility should be monitored. ( 5.7 ) • Possible allergic reactions, including anaphylactic reactions, angioneurotic edema, urticaria, and rash. ( 5.8 ) • Effects on Urine Outflow – Urinary hesitancy and retention may occur. ( 5.9 ) • Priapism – Prompt medical attention is required in the event of suspected priapism. ( 5.10 , 17 ) • Growth – Height and weight should be monitored in pediatric patients. ( 5.11 ) • Concomitant Use of Potent CYP2D6 Inhibitors or Use in patients known to be CYP2D6 PMs – Dose adjustment of atomoxetine may be necessary. ( 5.13 ) 5.1 Suicidal Ideation Atomoxetine increased the risk of suicidal ideation in short-term studies in children and adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Pooled analyses of short-term (6 to 18 weeks) placebo-controlled trials of atomoxetine in children and adolescents have revealed a greater risk of suicidal ideation early during treatment in those receiving atomoxetine. There were a total of 12 trials (11 in ADHD and 1 in enuresis) involving over 2200 patients (including 1357 patients receiving atomoxetine and 851 receiving placebo). The average risk of suicidal ideation in patients receiving atomoxetine was 0.4% (5/1357 patients), compared to none in placebo-treated patients. There was 1 suicide attempt among these approximately 2200 patients, occurring in a patient treated with atomoxetine. No suicides occurred in these trials . All reactions occurred in children 12 years of age or younger. All reactions occurred during the first month of treatment. It is unknown whether the risk of suicidal ideation in pediatric patients extends to longer-term use. A similar analysis in adult patients treated with atomoxetine for either ADHD or major depressive disorder (MDD) did not reveal an increased risk of suicidal ideation or behavior in association with the use of atomoxetine. All pediatric patients being treated with atomoxetine should be monitored appropriately and observed closely for clinical worsening, suicidality, and unusual changes in behavior, especially during the initial few months of a course of drug therapy, or at times of dose changes, either increases or decreases. The following symptoms have been reported with atomoxetine: anxiety, agitation, panic attacks, insomnia, irritability, hostility, aggressiveness, impulsivity, akathisia (psychomotor restlessness), hypomania and mania. Although a causal link between the emergence of such symptoms and the emergence of suicidal impulses has not been established, there is a concern that such symptoms may represent precursors to emerging suicidality. Thus, patients being treated with atomoxetine should be observed for the emergence of such symptoms. Consideration should be given to changing the therapeutic regimen, including possibly discontinuing the medication, in patients who are experiencing emergent suicidality or symptoms that might be precursors to emerging suicidality, especially if these symptoms are severe or abrupt in onset, or were not part of the patient’s presenting symptoms. Families and caregivers of pediatric patients being treated with atomoxetine should be alerted about the need to monitor patients for the emergence of agitation, irritability, unusual changes in behavior, and the other symptoms described above, as well as the emergence of suicidality, and to report such symptoms immediately to healthcare providers. Such monitoring should include daily observation by families and caregivers. 5.2 Severe Liver Injury Postmarketing reports indicate that atomoxetine can cause severe liver injury. Although no evidence of liver injury was detected in clinical trials of about 6000 patients, there have been rare cases of clinically significant liver injury that were considered probably or possibly related to atomoxetine capsules use in postmarketing experience. Rare cases of liver failure have also been reported, including a case that resulted in a liver transplant. Because of probable underreporting, it is impossible to provide an accurate estimate of the true incidence of these reactions. Reported cases of liver injury occurred within 120 days of initiation of atomoxetine in the majority of cases and some patients presented with markedly elevated liver enzymes [>20 X upper limit of normal (ULN)], and jaundice with significantly elevated bilirubin levels (>2 X ULN), followed by recovery upon atomoxetine discontinuation. In one patient, liver injury, manifested by elevated hepatic enzymes up to 40 X ULN and jaundice with bilirubin up to 12 X ULN, recurred upon rechallenge, and was followed by recovery upon drug discontinuation, providing evidence that atomoxetine likely caused the liver injury. Such reactions may occur several months after therapy is started, but laboratory abnormalities may continue to worsen for several weeks after drug is stopped. The patient described above recovered from his liver injury, and did not require a liver transplant. Atomoxetine should be discontinued in patients with jaundice or laboratory evidence of liver injury, and should not be restarted. Laboratory testing to determine liver enzyme levels should be done upon the first symptom or sign of liver dysfunction (e.g., pruritus, dark urine, jaundice, right upper quadrant tenderness, or unexplained “flu like” symptoms) [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.12 ); Patient Counseling Information ( 17 )]. 5.3 Serious Cardiovascular Events Sudden Death and Pre-existing Structural Cardiac Abnormalities or Other Serious Heart Problems Children and Adolescents — Sudden death has been reported in association with atomoxetine treatment at usual doses in children and adolescents with structural cardiac abnormalities or other serious heart problems. Although some serious heart problems alone carry an increased risk of sudden death, atomoxetine generally should not be used in children or adolescents with known serious structural cardiac abnormalities, cardiomyopathy, serious heart rhythm abnormalities, or other serious cardiac problems that may place them at increased vulnerability to the noradrenergic effects of atomoxetine. Adults — Sudden deaths, stroke, and myocardial infarction have been reported in adults taking atomoxetine at usual doses for ADHD. Although the role of atomoxetine in these adult cases is also unknown, adults have a greater likelihood than children of having serious structural cardiac abnormalities, cardiomyopathy, serious heart rhythm abnormalities, co

DRUG INTERACTIONS Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors. ( 4.2 , 7.1 ) CYP2D6 Inhibitors - Concomitant use may increase atomoxetinesteady-state plasma concentrations in EMs. (7.2) Antihypertensive Drugs and Pressor Agents - Possible effects on blood pressure. (7.3) Albuterol (or other beta 2 agonists) - Action of albuterol on cardiovascular system can be potentiated. (7.4) 7.1 Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors With other drugs that affect brain monoamine concentrations, there have been reports of serious, sometimes fatal reactions (including hyperthermia, rigidity, myoclonus, autonomic instability with possible rapid fluctuations of vital signs, and mental status changes that include extreme agitation progressing to delirium and coma) when taken in combination with an MAOI. Some cases presented with features resembling neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Such reactions may occur when these drugs are given concurrently or in close proximity [see Contraindications (4.2) ] . 7.2 Effect of CYP2D6 Inhibitors on Atomoxetine In extensive metabolizers (EMs), inhibitors of CYP2D6 (e.g., paroxetine, fluoxetine, and quinidine) increase atomoxetine steady-state plasma concentrations to exposures similar to those observed in poor metabolizers (PMs). In EM individuals treated with paroxetine or fluoxetine, the AUC of atomoxetine is approximately 6- to 8-fold and C ss, max is about 3- to 4-fold greater than atomoxetine alone. In vitro studies suggest that coadministration of cytochrome P450 inhibitors to PMs will not increase the plasma concentrations of atomoxetine. 7.3 Antihypertensive Drugs and Pressor Agents Because of possible effects on blood pressure, atomoxetine hydrochloride should be used cautiously with antihypertensive drugs and pressor agents (e.g., dopamine, dobutamine) or other drugs that increase blood pressure. 7.4 Albuterol Atomoxetine hydrochloride should be administered with caution to patients being treated with systemically-administered (oral or intravenous) albuterol (or other beta 2 agonists) because the action of albuterol on the cardiovascular system can be potentiated resulting in increases in heart rate and blood pressure. Albuterol (600 mcg iv over 2 hours) induced increases in heart rate and blood pressure. These effects were potentiated by atomoxetine (60 mg BID for 5 days) and were most marked after the initial coadministration of albuterol and atomoxetine. However, these effects on heart rate and blood pressure were not seen in another study after the coadministration with inhaled dose of albuterol (200 to 800 mcg) and atomoxetine (80 mg QD for 5 days) in 21 healthy Asian subjects who were excluded for poor metabolizer status. 7.5 Effect of Atomoxetine on P450 Enzymes Atomoxetine did not cause clinically important inhibition or induction of cytochrome P450 enzymes, including CYP1A2, CYP3A, CYP2D6, and CYP2C9. CYP3A Substrate (e.g., Midazolam ) - Coadministration of atomoxetine hydrochloride (60 mg BID for 12 days) with midazolam, a model compound for CYP3A4 metabolized drugs (single dose of 5 mg), resulted in 15% increase in AUC of midazolam. No dose adjustment is recommended for drugs metabolized by CYP3A. CYP2D6 Substrate (e.g., Desipramine) - Coadministration of atomoxetine hydrochloride (40 or 60 mg BID for 13 days) with desipramine, a model compound for CYP2D6 metabolized drugs (single dose of 50 mg), did not alter the pharmacokinetics of desipramine. No dose adjustment is recommended for drugs metabolized by CYP2D6. 7.6 Alcohol Consumption of ethanol with atomoxetine hydrochloride did not change the intoxicating effects of ethanol. 7.7 Methylphenidate Coadministration of methylphenidate with atomoxetine hydrochloride did not increase cardiovascular effects beyond those seen with methylphenidate alone. 7.8 Drugs Highly Bound to Plasma Protein In vitro drug-displacement studies were conducted with atomoxetine and other highly-bound drugs at therapeutic concentrations. Atomoxetine did not affect the binding of warfarin, acetylsalicylic acid, phenytoin, or diazepam to human albumin. Similarly, these compounds did not affect the binding of atomoxetine to human albumin. 7.9 Drugs that Affect Gastric pH Drugs that elevate gastric pH (magnesium hydroxide/aluminum hydroxide, omeprazole) had no effect on atomoxetine hydrochloride bioavailability.

ADVERSE REACTIONS Most common adverse reactions (≥5% and at least twice the incidence of placebo patients) • Child and Adolescent Clinical Trials – Nausea, vomiting, fatigue, decreased appetite, abdominal pain, and somnolence. ( 6.1 ) • Adult Clinical Trials – Constipation, dry mouth, nausea, decreased appetite, dizziness, erectile dysfunction, and urinary hesitation. ( 6.1 ) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Annora Pharma Private Limited at 1-866-495-1995 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch. 6.1 Clinical Trials Experience Atomoxetine was administered to 5382 children or adolescent patients with ADHD and 1007 adults with ADHD in clinical studies. During the ADHD clinical trials, 1625 children and adolescent patients were treated for longer than 1 year and 2529 children and adolescent patients were treated for over 6 months. Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. Child and Adolescent Clinical Trials Reasons for discontinuation of treatment due to adverse reactions in child and adolescent clinical trials — In acute child and adolescent placebo-controlled trials, 3.0% (48/1613) of atomoxetine subjects and 1.4% (13/945) placebo subjects discontinued for adverse reactions. For all studies, (including open-label and long-term studies), 6.3% of extensive metabolizer (EM) patients and 11.2% of poor metabolizer (PM) patients discontinued because of an adverse reaction. Among atomoxetine-treated patients, irritability (0.3%, N=5); somnolence (0.3%, N=5); aggression (0.2%, N=4); nausea (0.2%, N=4); vomiting (0.2%, N=4); abdominal pain (0.2%, N=4); constipation (0.1%, N=2); fatigue (0.1%, N=2); feeling abnormal (0.1%, N=2); and headache (0.1%, N=2) were the reasons for discontinuation reported by more than 1 patient. Seizures — Atomoxetine has not been systematically evaluated in pediatric patients with seizure disorder as these patients were excluded from clinical studies during the product’s premarket testing. In the clinical development program, seizures were reported in 0.2% (12/5073) of children whose average age was 10 years (range 6 to 16 years). In these clinical trials, the seizure risk among poor metabolizers was 0.3% (1/293) compared to 0.2% (11/4741) for extensive metabolizers. Commonly observed adverse reactions in acute child and adolescent, placebo-controlled trials - Commonly observed adverse reactions associated with the use of atomoxetine (incidence of 2% or greater) and not observed at an equivalent incidence among placebo-treated patients (atomoxetine incidence greater than placebo) are listed in Table 2. Results were similar in the BID and the QD trial except as shown in Table 3, which shows both BID and QD results for selected adverse reactions based on statistically significant Breslow-Day tests. The most commonly observed adverse reactions in patients treated with atomoxetine (incidence of 5% or greater and at least twice the incidence in placebo patients, for either BID or QD dosing) were: nausea, vomiting, fatigue, decreased appetite, abdominal pain, and somnolence ( see Tables 2 and 3). Additional data from ADHD clinical trials (controlled and uncontrolled) has shown that approximately 5 to 10% of pediatric patients experienced potentially clinically important changes in heart rate (≥20 beats per min) or blood pressure (≥15 to 20 mm Hg) [see Contraindications ( 4 ) and Warnings and Precautions ( 5 )]. Table 2: Common Treatment-Emergent Adverse Reactions Associated with the Use of Atomoxetine in Acute (up to 18 weeks) Child and Adolescent Trials Adverse Reaction a Percentage of Patients Reporting Reaction Atomoxetine (N=1597) Placebo (N=934) Gastrointestinal Disorders Abdominal Pain b 18 10 Vomiting 11 6 Nausea 10 5 General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions Fatigue 8 3 Irritability 6 3 Therapeutic response unexpected 2 1 Investigations Weight decreased 3 0 Metabolism and Nutritional Disorders Decreased appetite 16 4 Anorexia 3 1 Nervous System Disorders Headache 19 15 Somnolence c 11 4 Dizziness 5 2 Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders Rash 2 1 a Reactions reported by at least 2% of patients treated with atomoxetine, and greater than placebo. The following reactions did not meet this criterion but were reported by more atomoxetine-treated patients than placebo-treated patients and are possibly related to atomoxetine treatment: blood pressure increased, early morning awakening (terminal insomnia), flushing, mydriasis, sinus tachycardia, asthenia, palpitations, mood swings, constipation, and dyspepsia. The following reactions were reported by at least 2% of patients treated with atomoxetine, and equal to or less than placebo: pharyngolaryngeal pain, insomnia (insomnia includes the terms, insomnia, initial insomnia, middle insomnia). The following reaction did not meet this criterion but shows a statistically significant dose relationship: pruritus. b Abdominal pain includes the terms: abdominal pain upper, abdominal pain, stomach discomfort, abdominal discomfort, epigastric discomfort. c Somnolence includes the terms: sedation, somnolence. Table 3: Common Treatment-Emergent Adverse Reactions Associated with the Use of Atomoxetine in Acute (up to 18 weeks) Child and Adolescent Trials Adverse Reaction Percentage of Patients Reporting Reaction from BID Trials Percentage of Patients Reporting Reaction from QD Trials Atomoxetine (N=715) Placebo (N=434) Atomoxetine (N=882) Placebo (N=500) Gastrointestinal Disorders Abdominal Pain a 17 13 18 7 Vomiting 11 8 11 4 Nausea 7 6 13 4 Constipation b 2 1 1 0 General Disorders Fatigue 6 4 9 2 Psychiatric Disorders Mood swings c 2 0 1 1 a Abdominal pain includes the terms: abdominal pain upper, abdominal pain, stomach discomfort, abdominal discomfort, epigastric discomfort. b Constipation didn’t meet the statistical significance on Breslow-Day test but is included in the table because of pharmacologic plausibility. c Mood swings didn’t meet the statistical significance on Breslow-Day test at 0.05 level but p-value was <0.1 (trend). The following adverse reactions occurred in at least 2% of child and adolescent CYP2D6 PM patients and were statistically significantly more frequent in PM patients compared with CYP2D6 EM patients: insomnia (11% of PMs, 6% of EMs); weight decreased (7% of PMs, 4% of EMs); constipation (7% of PMs, 4% of EMs); depression1 (7% of PMs, 4% of EMs); tremor (5% of PMs, 1% of EMs); excoriation (4% of PMs, 2% of EMs); middle insomnia (3% of PMs, 1% of EMs); conjunctivitis (3% of PMs, 1% of EMs); syncope (3% of PMs, 1% of EMs); early morning awakening (2% of PMs, 1% of EMs); mydriasis (2% of PMs, 1% of EMs); sedation (4% of PMs, 2% of EMs). 1Depression includes the following terms: depression, major depression, depressive symptoms, depressed mood, dysphoria. Adult Clinical Trials Reasons for discontinuation of treatment due to adverse reactions in acute adult placebo-controlled trials — In the acute adult placebo-controlled trials, 11.3% (61/541) atomoxetine subjects and 3% (12/405) placebo subjects discontinued for adverse reactions. Among atomoxetine-treated patients, insomnia (0.9%, N=5); nausea (0.9%, N=5); chest pain (0.6%, N=3); fatigue (0.6%, N=3); anxiety (0.4%, N=2); erectile dysfunction (0.4%, N=2); mood swings (0.4%, N=2); nervousness (0.4%, N=2); palpitations (0.4%, N=2); and urinary retention (0.4%, N=2) were the reasons for discontinuation reported by more than 1 patient. Seizures — Atomoxetine has not been systematically evaluated in adult patients with a seizure disorder as these patients were excluded from clinical studies during the product’s premarket testing. In the clinical development program, seizures were reported on 0.1% (1/748) of adult patients. In these clinical trials, no poor metabolizers (0/43)