Purified Protein Derivative of Tuberculin for Tuberculosis

INDICATIONS AND USAGE TUBERSOL Tuberculin Purified Protein Derivative (Mantoux), is indicated to aid diagnosis of tuberculosis infection (TB) in persons at increased risk of developing active disease. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have published guidelines regarding populations that would benefit from tuberculin skin testing (TST). Current recommendations can be accessed at: http://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/testing.htm. Previous BCG vaccination is not a contraindication to tuberculin testing. The skin-test results of BCG vaccinated persons can be used to support or exclude the diagnosis of TB infection. However, an FDA-approved interferon gamma release assay is preferred over tuberculin skin test for persons 5 years of age and older who were previously vaccinated with BCG. (8)

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Aplisol vials should be inspected visually for both particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration and discarded if either is seen. Vials in use for more than 30 days should be discarded. The 0.1 mL dose of Aplisol (tuberculin PPD, diluted) is equivalent to the 5 tuberculin units (TU) dose of Tuberculin PPD, which is the standard strength used for intradermal Mantoux testing. Standard Method (Mantoux Test) The Mantoux test is performed by intradermally injecting, on the volar aspect of the forearm, with a syringe and needle, exactly 0.1 mL of Aplisol. The result is read 48 to 72 hours later and palpable induration only is considered in interpreting the test . Induration is a hard, raised area with clearly defined margins at and around the injection site (see Interpretation of Tuberculin Reaction ). Erythema may develop at the injection site but has no diagnostic value. The standard test is performed as follows: The site of the test is usually the volar or dorsal surface of the forearm about 4" below the elbow. Other skin sites may be used, but the volar surface of the forearm is preferred. The use of a skin area free of lesions and away from any veins is recommended. 7 The skin at the injection site is cleansed with 70% alcohol and allowed to dry. The test material is administered with a tuberculin syringe (0.5 or 1.0 mL) fitted with a short (1/4 to 1/2") 27 gauge needle. A separate, sterile, single-use disposable syringe and needle should be used for each individual patient. The diaphragm of the vial-stopper should be wiped with 70% alcohol. The needle is inserted through the stopper diaphragm of the inverted vial. Exactly 0.1 mL is filled into the syringe with care being taken to exclude air bubbles and to maintain the lumen of the needle filled. The point of the needle is inserted into the most superficial layers of the skin with the needle bevel pointed upward. As the Tuberculin solution is injected, a pale bleb 6 to 10 mm in size (1/3") will rise over the point of the needle. This is quickly absorbed and no dressing is required. There may be a drop of blood when the needle is withdrawn. This is normal. Use a gauze pad and gently dab to remove the blood. Do not press down as this may squeeze out the tuberculin thereby disrupting the test. In the event the injection is delivered subcutaneously (i.e., no bleb will form), or if a significant part of the dose leaks from the injection site, the test should be repeated immediately at another site at least 5 cm (2") removed from the initial injection site. Interpretation of Tuberculin Reaction Readings of Mantoux reactions should be made by a trained health professional during the period from 48 to 72 hours after the injection. Induration only should be considered in interpreting the test. The diameter of induration should be measured transversely to the long axis of the forearm and recorded in millimeters. Erythema has no diagnostic value and should be disregarded. The presence and size of necrosis and edema if present should be recorded although not used in the interpretation of the test. In the absence of induration, an area of erythema greater than 10 mm in diameter may indicate the injection was made too deeply and retesting is indicated. Find the margins of the induration by drawing the index or middle finger lightly across the reaction. The tip of a ballpoint pen pushed at a 45° angle toward the site of injection will also stop at the edges of induration. The diameter of induration should be measured (preferable with a caliper) transversely to the long axis of the forearm and recorded in millimeters. Erythema has no diagnostic value and should be disregarded. The absence of induration should be recorded as "0 mm" not "negative". Reactions should be interpreted as follows (Please refer to most recent guidelines): Based on current guidelines, 3,7,14, 19 interpretation of reactions is as follows: Positive reactions: Reaction ≥ 5 mm of Induration Reaction ≥ 10 mm of Induration Reaction ≥ 15 mm of Induration Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive persons Recent immigrants (i.e., within the last 5 yr) from high prevalence countries Persons with no risk factors for TB Recent contacts of tuberculosis (TB) case patients Injection drug users Fibrotic changes on chest radiograph consistent with prior TB Residents and employees For persons who are otherwise at low risk and are tested at the start of employment, a reaction of ≥ 15 mm induration is considered positive. of the following high-risk congregate settings: prisons and jails, nursing homes and other long-term facilities for the elderly, hospitals and other health care facilities, residential facilities for patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and homeless shelters Patients with organ transplants and other immunosuppressed patients (receiving the equivalent of ≥ 15 mg/d of prednisone for 1 mo or more) Risk of TB in patients treated with corticosteroids increases with higher dose and longer duration. 19 Mycobacteriology laboratory personnel Persons with the following clinical conditions that place them at high risk: silicosis, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, some hematological disorders (e.g., leukemias and lymphomas), other specific malignancies (e.g., carcinoma of the head or neck and lung), weight loss of ≥ 10% of ideal body weight, gastrectomy, and jejunoileal bypass Children younger than 4 yr of age or infants, children, and adolescents exposed to adults at high-risk Skin test conversions For persons with negative skin test reactions who undergo repeat skin testing (e.g., health care workers), an increase in reaction size ≥ 10 mm within a period of 2 years should be considered a skin test conversion indicative of recent infection with M. tuberculosis . 19 In some individuals who have been infected with nontuberculous mycobacteria or have undergone BCG vaccination, the skin test may show some degree of induration. For these individuals, a conversion to "positive" is defined as an increase in induration by 10 mm on subsequent tests. 7 Healthcare facilities and other high-risk settings For health care workers and employees in other high-risk settings with no other risk factors for TB, a cut-off of 15 mm of induration (rather than 10 mm) on the tuberculin skin test should be used to define a positive baseline test at the time of initial employment. An increase of ≥10 mm in reaction size is generally accepted as a positive test result on subsequent testing unless the worker is a contact of a TB case or has HIV infection or is otherwise immunocompromised, in which case a result of ≥5 mm is considered positive. 21 Negative Reaction A negative reaction is an induration of less than 15 mm in persons with no risk factors for TB. This indicates a lack of hypersensitivity to tuberculoprotein and tuberculous infection is highly unlikely. 7 It should be noted that reactivity to tuberculin may be depressed or suppressed for as long as 5–6 weeks by viral infections, live virus vaccines (i.e., measles, smallpox, polio, rubella and mumps), or after discontinuation of therapy with corticosteroids or immunosuppressive agents. Malnutrition may also have a similar effect (see WARNINGS ). When of diagnostic importance, a negative test should be accepted as proof that hypersensitivity is absent only after normal reactivity to non-specific irritants has been demonstrated. A primary injection of tuberculin may possibly have a boosting effect on subsequent tuberculin reactions. A pediatric patient who is known to have been exposed to a person with tuberculosis must not be adjudged free of infection until that patient has a negative tuberculin reaction at least ten weeks after contact with tuberculous person has ceased. 17 Annual testing is generally recommended for pediatric patients in high risk populations, such as persons from countries with a high prevalence of tuberculosis and low-income groups

WARNINGS Aplisol should not be administered to persons who previously experienced a severe reaction (e.g., vesiculation, ulceration, or necrosis) because of the severity of reactions that may occur at the test site (see CONTRAINDICATIONS ). Not all infected persons will have a delayed hypersensitivity reaction to a tuberculin test. A number of factors have been reported to cause a decreased ability to respond to the tuberculin test, such as the presence of infections, viral infections (measles, mumps, chickenpox, HIV), live virus vaccinations (measles, mumps, rubella and other live vaccines), bacterial infections (typhoid fever, brucellosis, typhus, leprosy, pertussis, overwhelming tuberculosis, tuberculous pleurisy), fungal infections (South American blastomycosis), drugs (corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive agents), metabolic derangements (chronic renal failure), low protein states (severe protein depletion, afibrinogenemia), age (newborns, elderly patients with waned sensitivity), stress (surgery, burns, mental illness, graft-versus-host reactions), diseases affecting lymphoid organs (Hodgkin's disease, lymphoma, chronic leukemia, sarcoidosis), and malignancy. 7,8,9 Any condition that impairs or attenuates cell mediated immunity potentially can cause a false negative reaction, including aging. 10,11 Tuberculin skin test results are less reliable in HIV-infected individuals as CD4 counts decline (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY ). 3 Avoid injecting tuberculin subcutaneously. If this occurs, no local reaction develops, but a general febrile reaction and/or acute inflammation around old tuberculous lesions may occur in highly sensitive individuals.

Drug Interactions Reactivity to the test may be depressed or suppressed in persons who are receiving corticosteroids or immunosuppressive agents. (7) Reactivity to TUBERSOL may be temporarily depressed by certain live virus vaccines (measles, mumps, rubella, oral polio, yellow fever, and varicella). If a parenteral live attenuated virus vaccine has been administered recently, tuberculin testing should be delayed for >1 month after vaccination. (7)(11) (See Interpretation of the Test .) When tuberculin screening is required at the same time as a measles-containing vaccine or other parenteral live attenuated virus vaccine, simultaneous administration of TUBERSOL and the vaccine at separate sites is the preferred option.

ADVERSE REACTIONS Induration at the TUBERSOL injection site is the expected reaction for a positive skin test. (See Interpretation of the Test .) The information pertaining to adverse events has been compiled from historical clinical studies and post-marketing experience with TUBERSOL. General disorders and administration site conditions Injection site pain, injection site pruritus and injection site discomfort. Injection site erythema or injection site rash (without induration) occurring within 12 hours of testing. These reactions do not indicate TB infection. Injection site hemorrhage and injection site hematoma up to three days after the administration of the test. Injection site vesicles, injection site ulcer or injection site necrosis in highly sensitive persons. Injection site scar as a result of strongly positive reactions. Pyrexia Immune system disorders Hypersensitivity, including anaphylaxis/anaphylactic reactions, angioedema, urticaria Respiratory, thoracic, and mediastinal disorders Stridor, dyspnea Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders Rash, generalized rash Nervous system disorders Presyncope, syncope (including syncope associated with tonic-clonic movements and other seizure-like activity) sometimes resulting in transient loss of consciousness with injury Reporting of Adverse Events To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact the Pharmacovigilance Department, Sanofi Vaccines US Inc., Discovery Drive, Swiftwater, PA 18370 or call 1-800-822-2463 (1-800-VACCINE) or Food and Drug Administration (FDA) MEDWATCH Program at 1-800-332-1088 and www.fda.gov/medwatch.