oseltamivir 30 MG Oral Capsule [Tamiflu]

INDICATIONS AND USAGE Oseltamivir Phosphate for Oral Suspension is an influenza neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) indicated for: Treatment of acute, uncomplicated influenza A and B in patients 2 weeks of age and older who have been symptomatic for no more than 48 hours. ( 1.1 ) Prophylaxis of influenza A and B in patients 1 year and older. ( 1.2 ) Limitations of Use: Not a substitute for annual influenza vaccination. ( 1.3 ) Consider available information on influenza drug susceptibility patterns and treatment effects when deciding whether to use. ( 1.3 ) Not recommended for patients with end-stage renal disease not undergoing dialysis. ( 1.3 ) 1.1 Treatment of Influenza Oseltamivir Phosphate for Oral Suspension is indicated for the treatment of acute, uncomplicated illness due to influenza A and B infection in patients 2 weeks of age and older who have been symptomatic for no more than 48 hours. 1.2 Prophylaxis of Influenza Oseltamivir Phosphate for Oral Suspension is indicated for the prophylaxis of influenza A and B in patients 1 year and older. 1.3 Limitations of Use Oseltamivir Phosphate for Oral Suspension is not a substitute for early influenza vaccination on an annual basis as recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Influenza viruses change over time. Emergence of resistance substitutions could decrease drug effectiveness. Other factors (for example, changes in viral virulence) might also diminish clinical benefit of antiviral drugs. Prescribers should consider available information on influenza drug susceptibility patterns and treatment effects when deciding whether to use Oseltamivir Phosphate for Oral Suspension [see Microbiology ( 12.4 )] . Oseltamivir Phosphate for Oral Suspension is not recommended for patients with end-stage renal disease not undergoing dialysis [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.4 ) and Use in Specific Populations ( 8.6 )] . 1.1 Treatment of Influenza Oseltamivir Phosphate for Oral Suspension is indicated for the treatment of acute, uncomplicated illness due to influenza A and B infection in patients 2 weeks of age and older who have been symptomatic for no more than 48 hours. 1.2 Prophylaxis of Influenza Oseltamivir Phosphate for Oral Suspension is indicated for the prophylaxis of influenza A and B in patients 1 year and older. 1.3 Limitations of Use Oseltamivir Phosphate for Oral Suspension is not a substitute for early influenza vaccination on an annual basis as recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Influenza viruses change over time. Emergence of resistance substitutions could decrease drug effectiveness. Other factors (for example, changes in viral virulence) might also diminish clinical benefit of antiviral drugs. Prescribers should consider available information on influenza drug susceptibility patterns and treatment effects when deciding whether to use Oseltamivir Phosphate for Oral Suspension [see Microbiology ( 12.4 )] . Oseltamivir Phosphate for Oral Suspension is not recommended for patients with end-stage renal disease not undergoing dialysis [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.4 ) and Use in Specific Populations ( 8.6 )] .

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Treatment of influenza Adults and adolescents (13 years and older): 75 mg twice daily for 5 days ( 2.2 ) Pediatric patients 1 to 12 years of age: Based on weight twice daily for 5 days ( 2.2 ) Pediatric patients 2 weeks to less than 1 year of age: 3mg/kg twice daily for 5 days ( 2.2 ) Renally impaired adult patients (creatinine clearance >30 to 60 mL/min): Reduce to 30 mg twice daily for 5 days ( 2.4 ) Renally impaired adult patients (creatinine clearance >10 to 30 mL/min): Reduce to 30 mg once daily for 5 days ( 2.4 ) ESRD patients on hemodialysis: Reduce to 30 mg immediately and then 30 mg after every hemodialysis cycle. Treatment duration not to exceed 5 days ( 2.4 ) ESRD patients on CAPD: Reduce to a single 30 mg dose immediately ( 2.4 ) Prophylaxis of influenza Adults and adolescents (13 years and older): 75 mg once daily for at least 10 days ( 2.3 ) Community outbreak: 75 mg once daily for up to 6 weeks ( 2.3 ) Pediatric patients 1 to 12 years of age: Based on weight once daily for 10 days ( 2.3 ) Community outbreak: Based on weight once daily for up to 6 weeks ( 2.3 ) Renally impaired adult patients (creatinine clearance >30 to 60 mL/min): Reduce to 30 mg once daily ( 2.4 ) Renally impaired adult patients (creatinine clearance >10 to 30 mL/min): Reduce to 30 mg once every other day ( 2.4 ) ESRD patients on hemodialysis: Reduce to 30 mg immediately and then 30 mg after alternate hemodialysis cycles for the recommended duration of prophylaxis ( 2.4 ) ESRD patients on CAPD: Reduce to 30 mg immediately and then 30 mg once weekly for the recommended duration of prophylaxis ( 2.4 ) 2.1 Dosage and Administration Overview Administer oseltamivir phosphate for oral suspension for the treatment of influenza in patients 2 weeks of age or older [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) ] or for prophylaxis of influenza in patients 1 year and older [see Dosage and Administration (2.3) ] using: Oseltamivir phosphate for oral suspension (supplied as a powder). This is the preferred formulation (6 mg per mL) for patients who cannot swallow capsules. Prior to use, the supplied oseltamivir phosphate for oral suspension powder must be constituted with water by the pharmacist to produce the oral suspension [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.5 )]. The oral suspension may be taken with or without food; however, tolerability may be enhanced if oseltamivir phosphate for oral suspension is taken with food. Adjust the oseltamivir phosphate for oral suspension dosage in patients with moderate or severe renal impairment [see Dosage and Administration (2.4) ]. 2.2 Recommended Dosage for Treatment of Influenza Initiate treatment with oseltamivir phosphate for oral suspension within 48 hours of influenza symptom onset. Adults and Adolescents (13 years of age and older) The recommended oral dosage of oseltamivir phosphate for oral suspension for treatment of influenza in adults and adolescents 13 years and older is 75 mg twice daily (12.5 mL of oral suspension twice daily) for 5 days. Pediatric Patients (2 weeks of age through 12 years of age) Table 1 displays the recommended oral dosage of oseltamivir phosphate for oral suspension for treatment of influenza in pediatric patients 2 weeks of age through 12 years of age and provides information about prescribing the formulation for oral suspension. 2.3 Recommended Dosage for Prophylaxis of Influenza Initiate post-exposure prophylaxis with oseltamivir phosphate for oral suspension within 48 hours following close contact with an infected individual. Initiate seasonal prophylaxis with oseltamivir phosphate for oral suspension during a community outbreak. Adults and Adolescents (13 years of age and older) The recommended dosage of oseltamivir phosphate for oral suspension for prophylaxis of influenza in adults and adolescents 13 years and older is 75 mg orally once daily (12.5 mL of oral suspension once daily) for at least 10 days following close contact with an infected individual and up to 6 weeks during a community outbreak. In immunocompromised patients, oseltamivir phosphate for oral suspension may be continued for up to 12 weeks [see Use in Specific Populations (8.9) ] . The duration of protection lasts for as long as oseltamivir phosphate for oral suspension dosing is continued. Pediatric Patients (1 year to 12 years of age) Table 1 displays the recommended oral dosage of oseltamivir phosphate for oral suspension for prophylaxis of influenza in pediatric patients 1 year to 12 years of age based on body weight and provides information about prescribing the formulation for oral suspension. Prophylaxis in pediatric patients is recommended for 10 days following close contact with an infected individual and up to 6 weeks during a community outbreak [see Use in Specific Populations (8.4) and Clinical Studies (14.2)] . Table 1 Oseltamivir Phosphate for Oral Suspension Dosage Recommendations in Pediatric Patients for Treatment and Prophylaxis of Influenza Weight Treat m e nt Dosage for 5 days Prophylaxis Dosage for 10 days* Volu m e of Oral Suspens i on (6 mg/mL) for each Dose † Numbe r of Bottles of Oral Suspension to Dispense P atients from 2 Weeks to less than 1 Year of Age Any weight 3 mg/kg twice daily Not applicable 0.5 mL/kg§ 1 bottle P atients 1 to 12 Years of Age Based on Body Weight 15 kg or less 30 mg twice daily 30 mg once daily 5 mL 1 bottle 15.1 kg to 23 kg 45 mg twice daily 45 mg once daily 7.5 mL 2 botles 23.1 kg to 40 kg 60 mg twice daily 60 mg once daily 10 mL 2 bottles 40.1 kg or more 75 mg twice daily 75 mg once daily 12.5 mL 3 bottles * The recommended duration for post‐exposure prophylaxis is 10 days and the recommended duration for community outbreak (seasonal/pre‐exposure) prophylaxis is up to 6 weeks (or up to 12 weeks in immunocompromised patients). The amount supplied (e.g., number of bottles) for seasonal prophylaxis may be greater than for post‐exposure prophylaxis. † Use an oral dosing dispensing device that measures the appropriate volume in mL with the oral suspension. § For patients less than 1 year of age, provide an appropriate dosing device that can accurately measure and administer small volumes. 2.4 Dosage in Patients with Renal Impairment Table 2 displays the dosage recommendations for the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza in adults with various stages of renal impairment (estimated creatinine clearance of less than or equal to 90 mL per minute). Dosage modifications are recommended in adults with an estimated creatinine clearance less than or equal to 60 mL per minute [see Use in Specific Population (8.6) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ] . Table 2 Recommended Dosage Modifications for Treatment and Prophylaxis of Influenza in Adults with Renal Impairment or End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) on Dialysis Renal Impairment (Creatinine Clearance) Recommended Treatment Regimen Oral suspension can be used for 30 mg dosing. Recommended Prophylaxis Regimen The recommended duration for post-exposure prophylaxis is at least 10 days and the recommended duration for community outbreak (seasonal/pre-exposure) prophylaxis is up to 6 weeks (or up to 12 weeks in immunocompromised patients). Mild (>60 to 90 mL/minute) 75 mg twice daily for 5 days 75 mg once daily Moderate (>30 to 60 mL/minute) 30 mg twice daily for 5 days 30 mg once daily Severe (>10 to 30 mL/minute) 30 mg once daily for 5 days 30 mg every other day ESRD Patients on Hemodialysis (≤ 10 mL/minute) 30 mg immediately and then 30 mg after every hemodialysis cycle (treatment duration not to exceed 5 days) 30 mg immediately and then 30 mg after alternate hemodialysis cycles ESRD Patients on Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis Data derived from studies in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. (≤10 mL/minute) A single 30 mg dose administered immediately 30 mg immediately and then 30 mg once weekly ESRD Patients not on Dialysis Oseltamivir phosphate for oral suspension is not recommended Oseltamivir ph

WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS Serious skin/hypersensitivity reactions such as Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis and erythema multiforme: Discontinue Oseltamivir Phosphate for Oral Suspension and initiate appropriate treatment if allergic-like reactions occur or are suspected. ( 5.1 ) Neuropsychiatric events: Patients with influenza, including those receiving Oseltamivir Phosphate for Oral Suspension , particularly pediatric patients, may be at an increased risk of confusion or abnormal behavior early in their illness. Monitor for signs of abnormal behavior. ( 5.2 ) 5.1 Serious Skin/Hypersensitivity Reactions Cases of anaphylaxis and serious skin reactions including toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, and erythema multiforme have been reported in postmarketing experience with Oseltamivir Phosphate for Oral Suspension. Stop Oseltamivir Phosphate for Oral Suspension and institute appropriate treatment if an allergic-like reaction occurs or is suspected. The use of Oseltamivir Phosphate for Oral Suspension is contraindicated in patients with known serious hypersensitivity to Oseltamivir Phosphate for Oral Suspension [see Contraindications ( 4 ) and Adverse Reactions ( 6.2 )] . 5.2 Neuropsychiatric Events There have been postmarketing reports of delirium and abnormal behavior leading to injury, and in some cases resulting in fatal outcomes, in patients with influenza who were receiving Oseltamivir Phosphate for Oral Suspension [see Adverse Reactions ( 6.2 )] . Because these events were reported voluntarily during clinical practice, estimates of frequency cannot be made but they appear to be uncommon based on Oseltamivir Phosphate for Oral Suspension usage data. These events were reported primarily among pediatric patients and often had an abrupt onset and rapid resolution. The contribution of Oseltamivir Phosphate for Oral Suspension to these events has not been established. Influenza can be associated with a variety of neurologic and behavioral symptoms that can include events such as hallucinations, delirium, and abnormal behavior, in some cases resulting in fatal outcomes. These events may occur in the setting of encephalitis or encephalopathy but can occur without obvious severe disease. Closely monitor oseltamivir phosphate for oral suspension-treated patients with influenza for signs of abnormal behavior. If neuropsychiatric symptoms occur, evaluate the risks and benefits of continuing Oseltamivir Phosphate for Oral Suspension for each patient. 5.3 Risk of Bacterial Infections There is no evidence for efficacy of Oseltamivir Phosphate for Oral Suspension in any illness caused by pathogens other than influenza viruses. Serious bacterial infections may begin with influenza-like symptoms or may coexist with or occur as complications during the course of influenza. Oseltamivir Phosphate for Oral Suspension has not been shown to prevent such complications. Prescribers should be alert to the potential for secondary bacterial infections and treat them as appropriate. 5.4 Fructose Intolerance in Patients with Hereditary Fructose Intolerance Fructose can be harmful to patients with hereditary fructose intolerance. One dose of 75 mg Oseltamivir Phosphate for Oral Suspension delivers 2 grams of sorbitol. This is above the daily maximum limit of sorbitol for patients with hereditary fructose intolerance and may cause dyspepsia and diarrhea. 5.1 Serious Skin/Hypersensitivity Reactions Cases of anaphylaxis and serious skin reactions including toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, and erythema multiforme have been reported in postmarketing experience with Oseltamivir Phosphate for Oral Suspension. Stop Oseltamivir Phosphate for Oral Suspension and institute appropriate treatment if an allergic-like reaction occurs or is suspected. The use of Oseltamivir Phosphate for Oral Suspension is contraindicated in patients with known serious hypersensitivity to Oseltamivir Phosphate for Oral Suspension [see Contraindications ( 4 ) and Adverse Reactions ( 6.2 )] . 5.2 Neuropsychiatric Events There have been postmarketing reports of delirium and abnormal behavior leading to injury, and in some cases resulting in fatal outcomes, in patients with influenza who were receiving Oseltamivir Phosphate for Oral Suspension [see Adverse Reactions ( 6.2 )] . Because these events were reported voluntarily during clinical practice, estimates of frequency cannot be made but they appear to be uncommon based on Oseltamivir Phosphate for Oral Suspension usage data. These events were reported primarily among pediatric patients and often had an abrupt onset and rapid resolution. The contribution of Oseltamivir Phosphate for Oral Suspension to these events has not been established. Influenza can be associated with a variety of neurologic and behavioral symptoms that can include events such as hallucinations, delirium, and abnormal behavior, in some cases resulting in fatal outcomes. These events may occur in the setting of encephalitis or encephalopathy but can occur without obvious severe disease. Closely monitor oseltamivir phosphate for oral suspension-treated patients with influenza for signs of abnormal behavior. If neuropsychiatric symptoms occur, evaluate the risks and benefits of continuing Oseltamivir Phosphate for Oral Suspension for each patient. 5.3 Risk of Bacterial Infections There is no evidence for efficacy of Oseltamivir Phosphate for Oral Suspension in any illness caused by pathogens other than influenza viruses. Serious bacterial infections may begin with influenza-like symptoms or may coexist with or occur as complications during the course of influenza. Oseltamivir Phosphate for Oral Suspension has not been shown to prevent such complications. Prescribers should be alert to the potential for secondary bacterial infections and treat them as appropriate. 5.4 Fructose Intolerance in Patients with Hereditary Fructose Intolerance Fructose can be harmful to patients with hereditary fructose intolerance. One dose of 75 mg Oseltamivir Phosphate for Oral Suspension delivers 2 grams of sorbitol. This is above the daily maximum limit of sorbitol for patients with hereditary fructose intolerance and may cause dyspepsia and diarrhea.

CONTRAINDICATIONS Oseltamivir phosphate for oral suspension is contraindicated in patients with known serious hypersensitivity to oseltamivir or any component of the product. Severe allergic reactions have included anaphylaxis and serious skin reactions including toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens- Johnson Syndrome, and erythema multiformec [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 )] . Patients with known serious hypersensitivity to oseltamivir or any of the components of oseltamivir phosphate for oral suspension ( 4 )

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 12.1 Mechanism of Action Oseltamivir is an antiviral drug with activity against influenza virus [see Microbiology (12.4)]. 12.3 Pharmacokinetics Absorption and Bioavailability Oseltamivir is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration of oseltamivir phosphate and is extensively converted predominantly by hepatic esterases to oseltamivir carboxylate. At least 75% of an oral dose reaches the systemic circulation as oseltamivir carboxylate and less than 5% of the oral dose reaches the systemic circulation as oseltamivir (see Table 6). Table 6 Mean (% CV) Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Oseltamivir and Oseltamivir Carboxylate Following Multiple Dosing of 75 mg Capsules Twice Daily (n=20) Parameter Oseltamivir Oseltamivir Carboxylate Cmax (ng/mL) 65 (26) 348 (18) AUC 0-12h (ng.h/mL) 112 (25) 2719 (20) Plasma concentrations of oseltamivir carboxylate are proportional to doses up to 500 mg given twice daily (about 6.7 times the maximum recommended oseltamivir phosphate dosage) [see Dosage and Administration (2)]. Coadministration with food had no significant effect on the peak plasma concentration (551 ng/mL under fasted conditions and 441 ng/mL under fed conditions) and the area under the plasma concentration time curve (6218 ng·h/mL under fasted conditions and 6069 ng·h/mL under fed conditions) of oseltamivir carboxylate. Distribution The volume of distribution (V ss ) of oseltamivir carboxylate, following intravenous administration in 24 subjects (oseltamivir phosphate is not available as an IV formulation), ranged between 23 and 26 liters. The binding of oseltamivir carboxylate to human plasma protein is low (3%). The binding of oseltamivir to human plasma protein is 42%, which is insufficient to cause significant displacement-based drug interactions. Elimination Absorbed oseltamivir is primarily (>90%) eliminated by conversion to the active metabolite, oseltamivir carboxylate. Plasma concentrations of oseltamivir declined with a half-life of 1 to 3 hours in most subjects after oral administration. Oseltamivir carboxylate is not further metabolized and is eliminated unchanged in urine. Plasma concentrations of oseltamivir carboxylate declined with a half-life of 6 to 10 hours in most subjects after oral administration. Metabolism Oseltamivir is extensively converted to the active metabolite, oseltamivir carboxylate, by esterases located predominantly in the liver. Oseltamivir carboxylate is not further metabolized. Neither oseltamivir nor oseltamivir carboxylate is a substrate for, or inhibitor of, cytochrome P450 isoforms. Excretion Oseltamivir carboxylate is eliminated entirely (>99%) by renal excretion. Renal clearance (18.8 L/h) exceeds glomerular filtration rate (7.5 L/h), indicating that tubular secretion (via organic anion transporter) occurs in addition to glomerular filtration. Less than 20% of an oral radiolabeled dose is eliminated in feces Specific Populations Renal Impairment Administration of 100 mg of oseltamivir phosphate twice daily (about 1.3 times the maximum recommended dosage) for 5 days to subjects with various degrees of renal impairment showed that exposure to oseltamivir carboxylate is inversely proportional to declining renal function. Population-derived pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for patients with varying degrees of renal function including ESRD patients on hemodialysis. Median simulated exposures of oseltamivir carboxylate for recommended treatment and prophylaxis regimens are provided in Table 7. The pharmacokinetics of oseltamivir have not been studied in ESRD patients not undergoing dialysis [see Indications and Usage (1.3), and Use in Specific Populations (8.6)]. Table 7 Simulated Median Treatment Exposure Metrics of Oseltamivir Carboxylate in Patients with Normal Renal Function, with Renal Impairment and ESRD Patients on Hemodialysis *AUC normalized to 48 hours. Renal Function/ Impairment Normal Creatinine Clearance 90- 140 mL/min (n=57) Mild Creatinine Clearance 60- 90 mL/min (n=45) Moderate Creatinine Clearance 30- 60 mL/min (n=13) Severe Creatinine Clearance 10-30 mL/min (n=11) ESRD Creatinine Clearance <10 mL/min on Hemodialysis (n=24) Recommended Treatment Regimens PK exposure parameter 75 mg twice daily 75 mg twice daily 30 mg twice daily 30 mg once daily 30 mg every HD cycle Cmin (ng/mL) 145 253 180 219 221 Cmax (ng/mL) 298 464 306 477 1170 AUC48 (ng·h/mL)* 11224 18476 12008 16818 23200 Recommended Prophylaxis Regimens PK exposure parameter 75 mg once daily 75 mg once daily 30 mg once daily 30 mg every other day 30 mg alternate HD cycle Cmin (ng/mL) 39 62 57 70 42 Cmax (ng/mL) 213 311 209 377 903 AUC48 (ng·hr/mL)* 5294 8336 6262 9317 11200 In continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients, the peak concentration of oseltamivir carboxylate following a single 30 mg dose of oseltamivir or once weekly oseltamivir was approximately 3-fold higher than in patients with normal renal function who received 75 mg twice daily. The plasma concentration of oseltamivir carboxylate on Day 5 (147 ng/mL) following a single 30 mg dose in CAPD patients is similar to the predicted C min (160 ng/mL) in patients with normal renal function following 75 mg twice daily. Administration of 30 mg once weekly to CAPD patients resulted in plasma concentrations of oseltamivir carboxylate at the 168 hour blood sample of 63 ng/mL, which were comparable to the C min in patients with normal renal function receiving the approved regimen of 75 mg once daily (40 ng/mL). Hepatic Impairment In clinical studies, oseltamivir carboxylate exposure was not altered in subjects with mild or moderate hepatic impairment [see Use in Specific Populations (8.7)] . Pregnant Women A pooled population pharmacokinetic analysis indicates that the oseltamivir phosphate dosage regimen resulted in lower exposure to the active metabolite in pregnant women (n=59) compared to non-pregnant women (n=33). However, this predicted exposure is expected to have activity against susceptible influenza virus strains and there are insufficient pharmacokinetics and safety data to recommend a dose adjustment for pregnant women [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)] . Pediatric Subjects (1 year to 12 years of age) The pharmacokinetics of oseltamivir and oseltamivir carboxylate have been evaluated in a single-dose pharmacokinetic study in pediatric subjects aged 5 to 16 years (n=18) and in a small number of pediatric subjects aged 3 to 12 years (n=5) enrolled in a clinical trial. Younger pediatric subjects cleared both the prodrug and the active metabolite faster than adult subjects resulting in a lower exposure for a given mg/kg dose. For oseltamivir carboxylate, apparent total clearance decreases linearly with increasing age (up to 12 years). The pharmacokinetics of oseltamivir in pediatric subjects over 12 years of age are similar to those in adult subjects [see Use in Specific Populations (8.4)] . Pediatric Subjects (2 weeks to less than 1 year of age) The pharmacokinetics of oseltamivir and oseltamivir carboxylate have been evaluated in two open-label studies of pediatric subjects less than one year of age (n=122) infected with influenza. Apparent clearance of the active metabolite decreases with decreasing age in subjects less than 1 year of age; however the oseltamivir and oseltamivir carboxylate exposure following a 3 mg/kg dose in subjects under 1 year of age is expected to be within the observed exposures in adults and adolescents receiving 75 mg twice daily and 150 mg twice daily [see Use in Specific Populations (8.4)] . Geriatric Patients Exposure to oseltamivir carboxylate at steady-state was 25 to 35% higher in geriatric subjects (age range 65 to 78 years) compared to young adults given comparable doses of oseltamivir. Half-lives observed in the geriatric subjects were similar to those seen in young adults. Based on drug exposure and tolerability, dose adjustments are not required for geriatric patients fo